Posts Tagged ‘Analysis’
moving average analysis
moving average is one of the basic indicators and technical analysis more popular. The name of this indicator, it is understandable that this indicator shows the average price of a security (stocks, options, bonds, etc.) during a specified time period or bars. There are two types most commonly used moving average: Simple Moving Average (SMA short) and an exponential moving average (EMA short). The difference between simple and exponential moving averages is that it uses exponential weighting factors to reduce the backlog in simple MA.
The aim of the moving average is to smooth out fluctuations in the trend of prices in the short term to long term to define the meaning of the current trend in the long term. This technical indicator is one of the oldest technical analysis and is regarded as trend-following indicator or a lagging indicator. Price moving averages do not provide investment front, but rather follow their evolution. However, the smoothing factors are used to filter small price changes and alert when the price change of trend has become critical to consider opening / closing a position. />
MACD MACD Histogram and calculations are one of the most popular technical indicators are based on moving average. MACD technical analysis is seen as a momentum indicator and is used to show the relationship between speed (from small bars) and slow (period of greatest bar) moving averages. This is a simple technical indicator that calculates the difference between two exponential moving averages hovering around the zero line (center line).
PPO (Percentage Price Oscillator) is another technical indicator that is very similar to MACD. Percentage Price Oscillator is calculated as the ratio between the two moving averages (between fast and slow). Is analyzed and used in the same manner used with MACD is the difference is around 1, while the MACD is moving around 0.
Both MACD and PPO reveal the meaning of the long-term trend in the short (fast MA) on the long-term trend (slow MA) and used to generate trading signals divergence, crosses moving average and the cross axis.
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moving averages analysis
technical analysis moving average (MA) is used as a tool to analyze a set of data points in prices (bars) creating a data set on prices, on average, to smooth price movements and short-term changes and to highlight the evolution of prices in the long term. The moving average price is not applied to predict changes in a trend in itself, but can describe the feeling price developments. Also, if a moving average rises an analyst can say that the current price trend is upward. Issue, whether the decrease moving average, an analyst can say that the current price trend is bearish.
There are two types of moving averages: simple moving average (SMA) and Exponential Moving Average (EMA). simple moving average is calculated as an average closing price of bars in a period of time. Exponential weighted moving average coefficient, and in some cases may be called the weighted moving average />
As mentioned above, a moving average does not reverse the trend of their own. However, it could be used in combination with other technical indicators (even with another moving average) time changes in prices. For example, taking two moving averages with different time setting and compare them with those of a trader compares the short-term (expressed by the short-term moving average) in the long term trend (described by the longer moving average term). In some cases, short-term moving average, also called MA rapid and long-term moving average is expected to slow AD. As a result of comparing two moving averages of a merchant (analysts) can define how to move short-term trend over the long term trend trend. In particular, if it confirms the long-term trend in the movement with him, or short-term moves in the opposite direction to control a long-term trend, indicating a possible future change in trust in the long term .
There are other aspects of technical analysis, where moving averages are used. Moving averages are considered as the basis and foundation of many technical indicators and therefore could be designated as basic and most important tool in technical analysis. You can see the moving averages as part of a calculation of some indicators, moving averages are applied to other data on the prices they soft, moving averages are used to construct indicators and smooth, which are used to draw lines of signals used to filter out false signals of commerce, etc.
The main objective of the moving average is to smooth out fluctuations in data and filter that can generate a negotiation but false signal, an operator must remember moving averages are lagging indicators (below trend) and its application provides delay (delay) in generating trading signals.
moving averages technical analysis
many stocks technical analysis applications averages used to smooth fluctuations in prices in the short term, to give a better indication of price trends. Let’s take a look at the different moving averages and how some of this delay, a typical average can be compensated.
The averages are trend following indicators. A moving average price per day is the average price of a stock during a specified period each day is shown. To calculate the average, you should choose a period of time. The choice of a period of time is always a reflection on the differences more or less to do with the price compared with price data more or less smooth. There are many different methods used. I will limit this overview of Commons.
First talk about the simple moving average is calculated by adding all prices in the selected period, divided by that period. Thus, each data value has the same weight in the average results. The simple average is the best smoothing, but usually also the most delayed after setbacks in the price.
An exponential moving average gives the weight exponentially, based on a selected percentage, the latest prices on a wide basis of this formula:
EMA = (Price * EMA%) + (previous EMA * (1 -% EMA)) />
Most investors do not feel comfortable with an expression linked to the percentage of the exponential moving average, but they feel better with a period of time />
.
If you want to know the percentage in which to work with a period, this formula gives the conversion:
EMA Percentage (%) = 2 / (period 1) />
A weighted moving average puts more weight on recent data and less weight on older data. A moving average is calculated by multiplying each figure by a factor of daylight “1″ until today “n” to the oldest of the latest data, the result is divided by total multipliers. In a 20-day moving average, weighted, which is 20 times more weight than the current price of share prices for 20 days. Similarly, the price of yesterday becomes 19 times more weight, and so on. The weighted average price movement of the following comes closer and smoother than the global average exponentially. Determine which of these averages is used depends on your goal. If you want an indicator of trend with a slightly better reaction smoothing and only for short-term movements, the simple average is the best. If you want a loft where you can still see and react to short-term fluctuations, either average or exponentially weighted moving is the best option.
The 20 -, 50 -, and 200-day simple moving averages have been used mainly in the past before the advent of personal computers. A simple way was used because the calculation was simple, the longer it is used because the movements in the days it took to take off and complete. This tradition remains alive in the sense that investors still consider these averages. That’s why prices in general the experience of support and resistance in the averages.
The 50-day moving average gives a direction to the average period of time. The 200-day moving average is important to consider the long-term trend. Around 50 – and 200-day averages, which almost always has some kind of support or resistance. It’s a good idea to show the 50 – and 200-day moving average in its price chart. The 20-day moving average is indicative of the trend lines useful for short-term trend.
If you are a trend trader following the trend in the medium term, is likely to keep an eye on any media. Of course, as a good way to stay in business as long as possible. Soft means a longer time period. The downside is too late to the major turning points. Therefore, you can use a technique to minimize the nature below average. The principles to limit the space of half were presented by Dr. Joe Sharp in commodity stocks and the January 2000 magazine. Using a 50-day simple moving average zero delay example clearly show much less delay compared to the standard 50-day simple moving average.
Another interesting way that can be used to smooth out large amounts of data without the inconvenience of a higher average delay is the subject or triple exponential moving average. This average was presented by Patrick Mulloy Technical Analysis of stocks of the magazine and Commodities, February 1994. Average of 100 days without delay show little longer, so that smoothing is very good. TEMA is not only a triple exponential moving average, is likely to assume from the name. The intention is to limit the offset ITEM typical average.
exponential average ‘n’ The day a (EMA) has a smoothing factor alpha
Alpha = 2 / (n + 1) and within
Delay = (n – 1) / 2. No longer the middle period, easing the best, but unfortunately, most of the delay. ITEM uses a technique of John Wilder Tukey compensate for the delay. The data is sent repeatedly by the same filter and then combined: />
SUBJECT = (3 * EMA – 3 * EMA (EMA)) + EMA (EMA (EMA)) />
The application of the average track direction if you want to smooth out periods of increased data size, while the term should be as low as possible.
Sure, you can start making all sorts of combinations with average techniques, the combination of simple moving averages, exponential or weighted with zero delays and technical means of TEMA. In this way, you can create your own mean that best suits their way of negotiation.
Generics League – Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2007-2012, 2017 &2022 Feb 2008
The generic industry is a fast evolving market; with significant lucrative opportunities. The generic market is structurally set to experience high growth potential. That wave is partly driven by cost-containment in several national healthcare sectors and partly by the need for governments to promote the use of generic products over high-priced originator products without compromising quality.
In 2006, the global generics market attained strong revenues of approximately $65bn, up by 12% in comparison with $58bn in 2005. However, during the same period, the Top Ten leading generic suppliers generated total revenues of $27. 9bn, up by a growth rate of 34%. The Top Five Companies within that sector experienced significant revenues, with market growth largely driven by significant commercial activities, key Mergers and Acquisition (M&A) and launch of new product in the leading markets.
In light, of the significant number of proprietary branded pharmaceuticals approaching patent expiration in the near-term, visiongain predicts that the generic market is set to experience further market expansion during the forecast period. Visiongain also predicts that by 2023, the Top Ten leading generic suppliers will experience CAGR of 7%. That significant CAGR, will be driven by generic versions of leading blockbuster drugs presently estimated at $100bn, nearing patent expiration during 2008-2012.
Prominently, amongst the products with looming patent expirations are drugs such as:
Pfizer’s Lipitor
AstraZeneca’s Nexium
Bristol Myers Squib’s Plavix
Pfizer’s Norvasc
Lilly’s Zyprexa
Janssen’s Risperdal
Wyeth’s Effexor
In 2007, a total of 14 drugs came of patent in the US market. In 2008, a total of 14 drugs are expected to lose patent protection in the US market. In 2009, five drugs are predicted to becoming off-patent in the US market. On the 24 of March 2010, the world’s highest selling drug, Pfizer’s Liptor will come off-patent in the US. In the EU market, UCB’s Keppra and four other medicines are expected to lose patent protection. In 2011, 10 major drugs in the US market will also become exposed to generic competition. An estimated 11 drugs will experience generic competition in the EU market during the same year. Significant among these drugs will be Lipitor and Zyprexa.
Moreover, the generic market is projected to further expand through the growing uptake of biogeneric/ biosimilar products. In 2006, biological drugs, the products of biotechnology generated total revenues of $40bn. The US market alone, accounted for a significant proportion of total worldwide sales. Presently, in the EU, the growing popularity of these products are gaining newer heights, with managed care organisations (MCOs), healthcare providers and payers amongst others increasingly requesting these medicines as a significant cost-saving strategy. However, by 2010, an estimated 24 biologic drugs will near patent expiration opening up the market for generic possibilities.
Visiongain’s market analysis forecast a-to- be lucrative era during the mid-term of our forecast where we believe, the Top Ten generic suppliers will see strong sales growth leveraged through licensing of new products.
With Top Ten company-by-company forecast focus on regions:
Asia
Teva (Asia/ Israel)
Europe
Actavis (Finland)
Merck KGaA (Germany)
Ratiopharm (Germany)
Sandoz (Switzerland)
Stada (Germany)
North America
Apotex (Canada)
Barr (US)
Mylan (US)
Watson (US)
This report includes detailed five-year forecasts over the period 2007-2012, and NOW features 10 and 15-year forecasts to help you understand the medium-term prospects for these markets.
Why You Must Buy This Report:
This report features in-depth primary research, tables, graphs and charts, news, insights, the past and present developments in Market. This report will provide you with the complete understanding of operations of Top Ten companies that has driven their corporate growth in recent times. In addition, the report sheds significant emphasis on key strategies that will drive year-on-year sales growth of their leading products. Despite the lucrative opportunities presented to the leading companies through patent expirations, the visiongain reports analyses the key battles that the leading Top Ten generic companies will face during the same period.
This visiongain report is the single tool to equip you with the latest trends in all regional markets and why all (stakeholders) are opting for cheaper generic medicine, that are equally potent as their originator versions. Visiongain recommends this astute report to the major players in the field as it will arm you with the major legal challenges that leading companies face to date. The report, will also inform you on how the Top Ten generic companies are positioning themselves in facing the rising inherent cost of R&D expenditure especially on difficult-to-manufacture biogeneric/ biosimilars. In addition, the reports present a 360 degrees overview of requirements set by major regulatory authorities for larger evidence of clinical data before any authorisation.
When you buy this report, you will also get an understanding, through our overview; of how present changes in Governmental Pharmaceutical Policies with respect to cost-cutting coupled with major hurdles by that the Top Ten generic suppliers will have to overcome in the growing presence of price erosion /sensitivity in key and emerging markets. The Top Ten Generic League Market Analysis & Forecasts 2007-2023 report is a must buy, because it presents in-depth and unbiased financial analysis for the near-term, medium-term and the long-term, market dynamics.
When you buy the Visiongain 2008 Top Ten Generic League report, you will be buying current and vital information on the vast array of commercial opportunities marked for potential success in the long-term treatment of the generic market.
Unique benefits to you when you order this report:
Primary research throughout. You will not find this information anywhere else
Report stored in your reading room for ever
Full searchable report when you buy the company or corporate editions
Copies can be printed off for offline reading
Packed with charts, analysis, figures, graphs and tables
What questions does the report answer?
Who are the generic market leaders?
Which regions dominate the generic market?
Which of the Top Ten companies conducted key M&As to bolster product pipeline?
Have the M&As been successful in expanding product range?
Is the cost of branded medicines justifiable by Big Pharma?
How will the Top Ten account for future revenues?
Will the Top Ten continue to experience market share expansion?
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Author Remarks: Wahid’s view is the special and helpful article, as financial analysis. I have explained a new method in this article from my point of view. That how to apply effective- informal and formal ways of regularity and fairly monitoring the progress & quality apply by financial /economic analysis on the basis the standards or level of expected business development,
This Wahid’s view closely related to and directly determined by the method. How the financial /economic analysis should performed. & how to expressed in a business plan or strategy that need to execute the company object, financial /economic analyst need to investigate the current performance of their business and identify their business needs, this engages introducing them to a new and more powerful tools and method. Modern business decision making
Introduction: The financial/economic analysis support and used by the economic manager can be viewed within a broad hierarchy of decision-making needs. In the traditional business where financial/economic analysis is a necessary component. This theoretical pyramid respites on the broadest area: day-to-day decisions and operational planning. It successively rises via
01. Strategy planning improvement
02. Performance review and Incentives
03. Judgment and sponsor contact
Above all of these areas controls deal and issues in the capable to apply of analysis and challenging business decision-making,
Financial /Economic analysis Capability: Financial/ Economic analysis from the perspective of project owners (involving assessment of the project entities’ financial statements) is common. For all irrigation projects, financial analysis was undertaken from the point of view of project beneficiaries through farm budget analysis.
the economic/ Financial analysis are used as the primary input to the initial decision-making process on whether or not to continue with consideration of the project. Only when a project appears to be economically efficient from the viewpoint of the society, is a more detailed financial analysis conducted to ensure that the project is also financially viable (. that the financial returns for the various classes of financing are sufficient to compensate for the risks to which investors will be exposed).
A project’s net economic benefits are measured as the difference in economic efficiency that is expected to emerge, in the economy as a whole, with the project compared to that without the project. The implementation of a large project typically involves the use of significant amounts of limited economic resources. An economic/ financial analysis investigates whether or not the use of these resources, at a particular point in time, in the project is expected to reap greater benefits to society than their use in alternative applications
Decision of operational planning: One of the most important areas of applying basic financial/economic analysis is the support of day-to-day decisions made by managers and employees. I am discussion in this article about the operational part of the project, in which calculated direction and prepared plans are translated into accomplishment. Although its importance, analytical apply in this area often tends to be the least developed, because the demands of daily activities foreshortens the time for reflective thinking about operational issues and trade. Decision of operational planning is typically the operating or fiscal year of the company. The plan will recite the Overall goals of the company for the year then break those down into the individual goals and action items that each department must achieve or accomplish in order for the company as a whole to meet its goals. Further, for a plan to be effective
The operational planning related the budget, the operating plan is usually the joint effort of every department in the company, coordinated by the Finance and/or Planning Department, and each department head will have participated in the planning process by writing the goals that his or her department will achieve during the plan year. The operating plan may outline the goals and targets of each major unit within the company, the P&L budget for the year, and a budget of planned capital expenditures. In addition, subsections of the plan may be devoted to individual departments
Without such guidance, non- financial / economic and damaging choices such as spending funds because there’s room in the budget or in the allowable head count become decision criteria. Operational effectiveness should be a function of sound trade-offs, with careful cost management and close attention paid to the quality and efficiency of production or services rendered, and with constant vigilance in serving customers through sustainable pricing, credit, and support actions. Therefore the successful company will have a financial/ economic analysis that clearly supports quick business decision-making.
The following view will help business decision-making all of these areas to understand what should be covered in each of these segments
01. Strategy Planning improvement:
What is Strategy Planning?
Strategy planning establishes where an organization is going over the next year or more, how it’s going to get there and how it’ll know if it got there or not. The center of a strategy plan is usually on the entire organization, while the center of a business plan is usually on a particular product, service or program.
There are a variety of perspectives, models and approaches used in strategic planning. The way that a strategic plan is developed depends on the nature of the organization’s leadership, culture of the organization, complexity of the organization’s environment, size of the organization, expertise of planners, etc. like
1. Goals-based planning is probably the most common and starts with center on the organization’s mission. Goals to work toward the mission, strategies to achieve the goals, and action planning
2. Issues-based strategy planning often starts by examining issues facing the organization, strategies to address those issues and action plans.
3. Organic strategic planning might start by articulating the organization’s vision and values,
Some plans are scoped to one year, many to three years, and some to five to ten years into the future. Some plans include only top-level information and no action plans. Some plans are five to eight pages long, while others can be considerably longer.
Also, in addition to the range of the organization, differences in how organizations carry out the planning activities are more of a matter of the nature of the participants in the organization than its for-profit/nonprofit status.
Benefits of Strategy Planning
Strategy planning serves a variety of purposes in organizations, including to:
1. Clearly define the purpose of the organization and to establish rational goals and objectives constant with that mission in a clear time frame within the organization’s capacity for achievement.
2. Communicate those goals and objectives to the organization’s constituents. 3. Develop a sense of ownership of the plan.
4. Ensure the most successful use is made of the organization’s possessions by focusing the possessions on the key priorities.
5. Provide a base from which progress can be measured and establish a method for informed change when needed.
6. Listen to everyone’s opinions in order to make agreement about where the organization is going.
Why Take Time to Plan?
Every organization with a goal in mind will expand a plan to achieve targets. Every manager with a job to do will expand a plan to get his or her daily work done. Yet, for the most piece, these plans are informal, a lot people only carry them around in their minds and draw them out as needed, improvising and modifying along the way.
Most of the people don’t think of themselves as planners and yet they plan every day, either formally or informally. plan pretty much for the best motivations because planning helps to reach organizations goals, whether the goals relate to getting our daily work done, laying out the annual family leave, or financing retirement lifestyle.
02. Performance review and Incentives:
The main concern in this area is the relevance of the measures to the goals set, and the need to establish not only indicators of deviation from desired norms, but also to interpret these indicators so they can be used to highlight value creation. It’s an area where the quality of the concepts and tools employed varies widely in both established and new companies.
A project’s net economic benefits are measured as the difference in economic efficiency that is expected to emerge, in the economy as a whole, with the project compared to that without the project. The implementation of a large project typically involves the use of significant amounts of scarce economic resources. A financial /economic analysis investigates whether or not the use of these resources, at a particular point in time, in the project is expected to reap greater benefits to society than their use in alternative applications
Even when a project is financed by the private sector, where significant indirect costs, benefits and impacts exist a project is usually evaluated from an economic perspective (from the viewpoint of society), as well as from a financial point of view. The constant-year annual cash flow profiles that were computed in the initial financial analysis are modified for use in the economic analysis. Taxes and subsidies are eliminated since they do not represent a use of resources but are simply transfers within the economy; costs and benefits that are external to the project are included; and costs and benefits, both internal and external, are adjusted to reflect their opportunity values by applying “shadow” prices. , in an economic analysis, market prices should be adjusted to reflect economic costs.
Above I have discussed my view of financial /economic analysis ability, area and responsibility that more effective to judgment the organizations Performance review and Incentives situation, although I have presented the following information to understand the reader and learner for financial / economic analysis task for provide Performance assessment
If the bearing of measures employed has not been clearly established in an organization, performance data can be meaningless, or subject to manipulation. “Gaming” the budget or the business plan is an ever-present temptation. The tools for analysis, and the judgments required for interpreting performance vary widely, whether one measures performance from outside the business, which is the task of investors, creditors, and suppliers, or internally, which is a necessary function of managing the various levels and segments of a company. One of the critical challenges in evaluating the performance of a business from the outside is to interpret the results as expressed in financial statements. These are the most readily available data for publicly held companies. But the various ratios and measures that can be applied to this information are subject to limitations inherent in the financial accounting process and to a number of choices management has in applying its rules and thus “managing” the reported results.
A vast range of statistical data can be used to measure effectiveness of operations, many of which are physical in nature, such as output data, failure rates, yields, customer contact frequencies, timeliness information, and project completions. Intangible data such as customer satisfaction, employee attitudes, and community feedback are important supplements. The point we’re making is that financial performance begins with the roots of operational activity, and evaluating financial ratios and measures must rest on an understanding of these activity-based indicators.
There has been a secure evolution in these processes, in similar with a better understanding of the economic dynamics of the securities markets Incentives to enhance short- and long-term performance are the opposite side of the performance evaluation challenge I have just discussed. That won’t to deal directly with the complex issues of designing incentive programs, as this is a subject deserving full treatment by itself.
The higher the level of management, the more emphasis should be given to long-term cash flow generation, to avoid the temptation for making short-term trade-offs that damage long run value creation. Finally, there is the always present issue of how high to set the standard to ensure some degree of excellence and significant effort, without making the incentive unachievable. In short, incentives represent a form of using financial/economic analysis heavily overlaid not only with challenges of interpretation but of human motivation and proper rewards.
03. Judgment and sponsor contact:
The most integrative aspect of financial/economic analysis is the area of valuation and investor communication. It is here that some of the most complex tools and methodologies are commonly employed, and it’s also the area where much of the theoretical and observed research of the past, As I’ll discuss in the final chapters, valuation is a function of the expectations held by the company’s existing and potential investors, and by the securities markets in general.
The first point of analysis described Judgment and sponsor contact information requirements and provides important new information on the extent to which non-financial data influence the investment decision on aggregate. Most importantly, however, this stage of analysis offers justification for the more detailed modeling required in the second stage of the analysis As described above, this second stage of work relies upon the data compiled from the experimental investment simulations
The investigators were able to estimate the amount of influence each financial and each non-financial characteristic had on the investment decision
I again am faced with a systems view of financial/economic analysis at the highest level, which integrates the insights about all aspects of the business under review. The external communication challenge similarly requires a systems view of the company’s performance and prospects. In both the analytical and communications areas a fully integrated approach is still lacking in the majority of corporate situations, the rediscovery of basic economics is coming none too soon for this important area of analysis.
Conclusion: as my article” Wahid’s view- The cogent task and the confront of financial/economic analysis in the modern business decision making” I have describe how financial/economic analysis will help on organization managers in support of more informed and therefore better business decision making ,
Business planning is a systematic and formalized approach to accomplishing the planning, coordinating, and control responsibilities of management. It involves the development and application of long-range objectives for the enterprise; specific goals to be attained; long-range profits plans stated in broad terms; adequate directions for formulating annual, detailed budgets, defining responsibility centers, and establishing control mechanisms; and evaluative methods and procedures for making changes when necessary.
I think I have made my readers understand that the financial/ economic analysis is generally more capable to develop the business decision making, also support to qualify internal staff or outside advice,
Analyzing narco analysis
With the advancement of science there has been a tremendous change in the modes of commencement of crime, to counter these scientific methods new methods of investigation have also evolved. One such instrument is ‘narco analyses.
This emergence of scientific development has resulted in development of new tools of investigation, namely the narco analysis or the truth serum test, the lie detector or the polygraph test and p300 or the brain mapping test.
Questions have always been raised regarding the validity & constitutionality of these tests, recently on may 5 supreme court of India held that narco ,polygraph & brain mapping test is ‘unconstitutional’.
A three judge bench headed by than CHIEF JUSTICE K. G BALAKRISHNAN, JUSTICE R. S RAVEENDRAN & DALVEER BHANDARI clarified the legal position on the issue, the bench held “we are of considered opinion that no individual can be forced and subjected to such techniques involuntarily & by doing so it amounts to unwarranted intrusion of personal liberty”.
The court further went to declare that the investigation techniques were an unconstitutional invasion of privacy enshrined in article 21. S. C while allowing a batch of petitions against these tests noted “in our considered opinion ,the compulsory administration of the impugned technique violates ‘the right against self-incrimination’, the court has recognized that the projective scope of article 20(3) extends to the investigation stage in criminal cases & when read with section 161(2) of the crpc it protects accused suspects as\well as witness who are examined during investigation.
Chief justice writing the more than 250 page judgment for the bench, however approved of voluntarily administration of techniques with the prior consent of the accused person.
But what exactly is narco analysis and what have been views of high court on the administration of this technique?
The term narco analysis is derived from the greek word narck(meaning “anesthesia” or “torpor”) and is used to describe a diagnostic psycotherapic technique that uses psychotropic drugs ,particularily barbiturates to induce a stupor in which mental elements with strong associated affects come to the surface,where they can be exploited by the therapist.
In India at Bangalore & Gujarat narco analysis test is conducted by injecting 3 grams of sodium pentothal dissolved in 3000 ml of distilled water and this barbiturate is administerd intravenously along with dextrose over a period of 3 hours with the help of anesthetist ,this dose is dependent on the persons sex ,age health and physical condition .
The questions asked are repeated persistently ,the subject which is put in a state of hypnotism is not in a position to speak on his own but can answer only specific questions by giving some suggestions .
By the administration of these drugs the subject’s inhibitions are lowered and it becomes difficult, not impossible for him to lie. The revelations made by the accused during the state of hypnotic trance are recorded both in video and audio cassettes.
The observation noted and subsequent reports prepared by the experts is useful in process of collecting the evidence
.
The application of narcoanalysis test involves the fundamental questions pertaining to judicial matter and also to human rights. the legal position of applying this technique as an investigative aid raises genuine issues like encroachment of an individual rights, liberties and freedom.
The privilege against ‘self incrimination’ is a fundamental canon of common law is jurisprudence. Article 20(3) is the main provision in the Indian constitution dealing with crime investigation and trial, it deals with privilege against self incrimination. in the crpc the legislature has guarded a citizens right against self incrimination section 161(2) of the code of criminal procedure states that every person ” is bound to answer truthfully all questions ,put to him by officer ,other than questions the answers to which would have a tendancy to expose that person to a criminal charge,penalty or forfeiture”.
in case of state of Bombay vs kathikalu( A. I. R 1961 CRILJ,VOL2 2007)it was that it must be shown that the accused was compelled to make statements likely to be incriminative of himself ,compulsion means duress which includes threatening, beating or imprisonment of life , parent or child of person. thus where the accused makes a confession without any inducement threat or promise article 20(3) does not apply
analyzing the gurantee contained in article 20(3) of our constitution ,it may be said to consist of two components ,one is right pertaining to a person accused to an offence ,two it is a protection against compulsion to be a witness against oneself.
In mp sharma vs satish Chandra(A. I. R 1954 SC 1025) the apex court observed that since the words
Used in article 20(3) were “to be a witness” and not “to appear as witness” the protection is extended to compelled evidence obtained outside the court room. to be a witness means making of an oral or written statement in or out of an oral or written statement in or out of a court by an accuse of an offence in other words it means imparting knowledge in respect of relevant facts by an oral statement or a statement in writing made or given under compulsion.
However the state arguing in favor of the tests, claim that section 25 of the Indian evidence act 1872 has been inserted with an objective to combat custodial violence of extraction of knowledge and narco analysis can be seen as useful tool to combat the problem of custodial violence.
In dinesh dalmia vs state (CRL JULY 2006,PAGE 2401)the madras high court ruled that narco analysis testimony was not ‘testimony by compulsion’ because the accused “may be taken to the laboratory for such tests against his will but the revelation during such tests is quite voluntary” .
Kerla high court in raju george vs deputy superintend of police & others held that in presnt days the techniques used by the criminals for the commission of crime are very sophisticated and modern . the modern conventional method of questioning may not yield any result at all that is why the scientific tests like polygraph, brain mapping narco analysis etc are now used in the investigation of a case when such tests are conducted under strict supervision of the expert it cannot be said that there is any violation of the fundamental rights guaranteed to a citizen of India. While Bombay high court (nagpur bench) in sampatrao rajeshwarao vs state of maharashtra when asked whether narco analysis ,brain mapping & similar tests whether could be undertaken in absence of consent /willingness of accused/ answered in affirmative manner ,said larger interests should outweigh the individual liberties and fundamental rights & balance can be struck by considering the perspective of reasonable restrictions.
In one of the most famous cases involving narcoanalysis ,in the case of abdul karim telgi the Bombay high court held that “certain physical tests involving minimal bodily harm” like narco analysis and brain mapping did not violate article 20(3) and did not compromise the constitutional protection against self incrimination.
The supporters of narco analysis argues that the result of the tests are not made admissible in court ,it merely aids the investigation procedure. section 27 of the Indian evidence act 1872 provides that ” a fact discovered in consequence of information received from a person accused of any offence ,in the custody of the police officers, so much of such information, whether it amounts to a confession or not, as relates distinctly to the fact thereby discovered may be proved” .
The narco analysis test has been largely criticized on the ground that it is not 100% accurate. The experts believe that “some 50% of all individuals are suggestible even while fully conscious, meaning they can be made to believe events that never actually occurred. ” Narco analysis test is a restoration of memory which the suspect had forgotten, this result may be doubtful if the test is used for the purposes of confession of crimes. suspects of crimes may be ,under influence of drugs, deliberately withhold information or may give untrue account or may give untrue account of incident persistely.
What a person says in a state of hypnotic trance depends on a lot of factors, including their personality, how awake they are, how strongly strongly they want to deny certain facts and so on . dr Andrade says “under narco analysis when inhibitions are lowered a lot of unconscious mind may say things that he wished were true and not that were necessarily true”.
Conclusion
Internationally, expert studies & court opinions have held that though there may be some use in narco analysis . it is by no means a reliable science.
According to former chief justice K. G BALAKRISHNAN such procedures “are illegal & a violation of personal liberty”. The national human rights guidelines have to be observed if a person consents to take a polygraph test, narco analysis a brain mapping to establish one’s innocence.
The present criminal justice system is obsessed with individual liberty & freedom and in this context a safe passage forgone and criminal takes weakness which leads to dilution of . So even after the pronouncement of s. c judgment . the supporters of this method believes that the usage of this method is need to viewed objectively and encouraged to replace or augment the existing conventional methods of interrogation which at times have resulted in custodial deaths.
The debate regarding the validity of these tests will not end; the real problem arises when we test the validity of narco analysis test on the touchstone of constitution, long established criminal jurisprudence and rights of accused.
Refrences
Bar and bench. com
Expressiononindia. com
j. m macdonald ,narcoanalysis and criminal law.
Jagadeesh n. narco analysis leads to more questions than answers.
The hindu.
Narcoanalysis and truth serum-m sivananda reddy
Are you looking for a Cost Benefit Analysis Template? A cost benefit analysis template is going to save you significant time and money and make the generation of your cost benefit analysis fast and easy to implement. Generally you can get hold of a lot of templates online including a cost benefit analysis template. There are plenty of places you can purchase business templates and these templates are usually suited to the standards required in your region. A cost benefit analysis template is included in these business templates and utilising this tool is the ideal way to save yourself time and money and get your cost benefit analysis completed quickly and without fuss.
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Forex Technical Analysis Education
Technical analysis is the certainty that history will replicate itself and if a trader is able to understand chart formations, they will be able to forecast what the market will do next. Currency charts are not any different then stock charts. If you have traded stocks before and are comfortable with how to read those formations, then reading Forex charts will be very easy. This is one way to develop Forex strategies.
How to understand the lines on a chart, everyday it will have a vertical line, which represents the highest and lowest the currency sold for on that day or period. With Fx trading, 5-minute updates are also obtainable. The horizontal line to the left of the vertical line represents the opening price and the horizontal line to the right of the vertical line represents the closing price. This can also be described in a candlestick formation. The candlestick formation has a box that is either filled or empty with a stick out the top and bottom. Many investors consider a candlestick formation much easier to read. The box of the candlestick is empty if the beginning price is lower then the end price, if the beginning price is higher then the end price, the candlestick box if filled. This allows the investor to visually tell how the market is trending. If each box is blank then that means the price has been moving up. If each box is filled, it means the price has been declining. This allows an trader to simply spot a trend that may be forming. Forex Technical Analysis Education
The most basic trend to spot on a Fx currency chart is an uptrend or a downtrend. A strict uptrend has each candlestick opening lower and closing higher. A general uptrend is going upward but does not necessarily have higher highs each period. This also holds true for a downtrend. A strict downtrend opens higher and closes lower for each period. A general downtrend has prices going down but not necessarily every price period. Many traders usually focus only on the open price and the close price. The oscillation between the open and close for that period does not interest numerous traders.
Support and resistance lines are the next chart formation that a beginning investor should become accustomed to. A support line is a bottom or the floor where prices may fall down to but they seem to rebound from. Resistance line is the top or the ceiling where prices move up to but seem to fall when they get near that line. The prices do not have to stay in the vicinity of these lines. There could be countless up and downs almost like a bouncing ball, where the line is reached but never crosses. This can happen over minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, and years. It depends on the type of investor you are as to what interval you will look at when deciding the relevance of a support or resistance line. The fascinating thing about these support and resistance lines is that when prices have crossed them, they continue to move in that direction for a while. Numerous investors will identify a support or resistance line, then wait for the prices to break those lines before they enter a trade.
These are the two main chart formations that any investor should be familiar with before they begin their investing in the Forex. I will continue with future articles which will get into some detailed chart formations and what they can mean to you the Forex investor. Forex Technical Analysis Education
Almost every organization in existence today is unable to turn a dime unless they use an element of energy in the process. This total reliance on energy reflects strongly on the balance sheet and corporate utility bills are the subject of much attention, with frugality in mind.
Business leaders, like their politician counterparts, realize that energy security is pivotal to their success and of extreme importance in planning terms, moving forward. As energy and utility costs, to a certain extent, are a “necessary evil,” energy cost savings must be pursued by the company at every opportunity.
Unless energy is used, business organizations of today will find a hard time to earn any profit. This total reliance on energy reflects strongly on the balance sheet and corporate utility bills are the subject of much attention, with frugality in mind.
Energy cost savings form part of a solution to the problem of corporate sustainability. Any energy management strategy needs to reflect the unpredictability of this entire energy situation. We have seen spikes in the cost of oil and other fossil fuels and know only too well that these sources are finite. Attempts to explore the viability of alternative energy solutions are laudable and progressive, but represent less than one tenth of potential capacity.
The cost of energy is outpacing inflation and we have seen the cost of raw power increase over 110% in the last 10 years with an increasing and accelerating trend. Management teams have been charged with the responsibility of implementing energy cost savings, as and where possible. Each and every employee within the enterprise is told that it is his or her responsibility to make sure that wastage is kept to an absolute minimum.
Energy liability can be broken down into two distinct areas. To begin with, it can involve energy security from the supply chain and its consequent costs, followed by the implementation of energy efficient programs. Both factors reflect the organization’s environmental stewardship, partly due to a wish to become far more efficient from a security and cost perspective, but also from a wish to be seen as environmentally progressive.
Established companies have to look at energy from a historical perspective, even as they make plans for significant changes going forward. Energy cost savings can be far more easily recognized and realized when the organization has a “clean sheet of paper” with which to plan. New construction, for example, can be engineered in advance to take advantage of the latest energy cost-saving techniques, alternative fuels and “green building” architecture.
Historically, it is often rather difficult to replace complete systems within any organization to take advantage of energy cost-saving programs. In these cases, retrofitting is a much more palatable option. In any case, the “status quo” is not acceptable and organizations may not simply turn their back on a problem as an increasingly agitated public requires us all to address the issue of sustainability quickly.
For organizations looking to capture energy cost savings at point of use, smart devices are available to help explore energy metering in real-time. Such smart devices can be configured to be able to allocate energy based on ‘best practices’ on energy use and digitization of utility bills to allow a more precise energy accounting.
